![]() ![]() From an economic point of view, scientific outputs generated by public research are a public good that everyone should be able to use at no cost. The rationale behind Open Science is complex but one of its main arguments is sociological: scientific knowledge is a product of social collaboration and its ownership belongs to the community. But the term ‘Open Science’ has been preferred by the stakeholders, as it has been stated in the report of the European Commission’s 2014 public consultation on ‘Science 2.0: Science in Transition’ ( European Commission, 2015). Many other terms have been used, and are still used, to refer to the transformation of scientific practice (Science 2.0, e-Science, etc.). ‘Open Science’ is not a new concept itself, although the agreement on this term and its widespread use is relatively recent. Even though, especially for the library and information domain, the focus is usually placed on two of these movements: Open Research Data and Open Access to scientific publications. As such, open access to publications, open research data, open source software, open collaboration, open peer review, open notebooks, open educational resources, open monographs, citizen science, or research crowdfunding, fall into the boundaries of Open Science. Open Science is frequently defined as an umbrella term that involves various movements aiming to remove the barriers for sharing any kind of output, resources, methods or tools, at any stage of the research process. ![]() Promoting openness at different stages of the research process ( Open Science and Research Initiative, 2014)** Open Science is about extending the principles of openness to the whole research cycle (see figure 1), fostering sharing and collaboration as early as possible thus entailing a systemic change to the way science and research is done. The OECD defines Open Science as: “ to make the primary outputs of publicly funded research results – publications and the research data – publicly accessible in digital format with no or minimal restriction” ( OECD, 2015:7), but it is more than that. Open Science represents a new approach to the scientific process based on cooperative work and new ways of diffusing knowledge by using digital technologies and new collaborative tools ( European Commission, 2016b:33).
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